Fig. 9

Prognostic model construction and subgroup analysis. A Kaplan–Meier curves and log-rank test show OS differences in high- vs. low-risk groups (TCGA-LIHC). B Scatter plots showing gene distribution in the signature. C ROC curves evaluating the signature's predictive performance in TCGA-LIHC. D Identification of signature as an independent prognostic factor. E Subgroup analysis across different clinical factors: early-stage, advanced stage, male, female, < 60-year and ≥60 years, respectively